Psychological sex differences are thought by some to reflect the interaction of geneshormonesand social learning on brain development throughout the lifespan. Int Rev Psychiatry. This can occur as a consequence of the cost of the reproductive profile of either sex, such as the lack of a natural induction of parenting behavior in males, which do not experience the hormonal profile of pregnancy, parturition, and lactation.
Reliable callosal measurement: population normative data confirm sex-related differences.
Deuve JL, Avner P. Each of these cytokines can stimulate the growth of experimental cancers and may contribute to sex differences in brain tumor rates. Subtypes of medulloblastoma have distinct developmental origins.
Of these, most are much more common in males. Aging stroma is more permissive for cancer progression, and the properties of aging stroma are in turn often governed by sex differences.
With so many different systems engaged at the same time but in different regions, the potential for the degree of masculinization to vary across regions seems almost inevitable, likewise for feminization Figure 2. In the current study, we carried out two types of meta-analysis.
We also find that the signaling molecules that mediate masculinization are usually identified with inflammation, eg, prostaglandins and some cytokines. Series B, Biological Sciences. In the preoptic area, an area closely associated with the hypothalamus and which controls male sexual behavior, we find consistent sex differences in synaptic density across rodent life stages.
Animal studies have shown that prenatal brain development sex differences are small in Wyong Arnold and Breedlove, ; Phoenix et al. Schizophrenia: When considered for the population overall, there is no clear gender bias in the frequency of schizophrenia.
Under nonstressful conditions, the two sexes perform at par. Another article providing results to a brain volume voxel-based morphometry analysis by our group Lai et al. Because Sachdev et al.